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Foods Permitted and Forbidden
Now the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying to them,
Now the Lord spoke to Moses and Aaron, saying to them,
Ceremonially Clean and Unclean Animals
Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron,
Then the LORD said to Moses and Aaron,
“Speak to the children of Israel, saying, ‘These are the animals which you may eat among all the animals that are on the earth:
“Give the following instructions to the people of Israel.
“Of all the land animals, these are the ones you may use for food.
“Of all the land animals, these are the ones you may use for food.
Among the animals, whatever divides the hoof, having cloven hooves and chewing the cud — that you may eat.
You may eat any animal that has completely split hooves and chews the cud.
the hare, because it chews the cud but does not have cloven hooves, is unclean to you;
The hare chews the cud but does not have split hooves, so it is unclean.
and the swine, though it divides the hoof, having cloven hooves, yet does not chew the cud, is unclean to you.
The pig has evenly split hooves but does not chew the cud, so it is unclean.
Their flesh you shall not eat, and their carcasses you shall not touch. They are unclean to you.
You may not eat the meat of these animals or even touch their carcasses. They are ceremonially unclean for you.
‘These you may eat of all that are in the water: whatever in the water has fins and scales, whether in the seas or in the rivers — that you may eat.
“Of all the marine animals, these are ones you may use for food. You may eat anything from the water if it has both fins and scales, whether taken from salt water or from streams.
But you must never eat animals from the sea or from rivers that do not have both fins and scales. They are detestable to you. This applies both to little creatures that live in shallow water and to all creatures that live in deep water.
They shall be an abomination to you; you shall not eat their flesh, but you shall regard their carcasses as an abomination.
They will always be detestable to you. You must never eat their meat or even touch their dead bodies.
Whatever in the water does not have fins or scales — that shall be an abomination to you.
Any marine animal that does not have both fins and scales is detestable to you.
‘And these you shall regard as an abomination among the birds; they shall not be eaten, they are an abomination: the eagle, the vulture, the buzzard,
“These are the birds that are detestable to you. You must never eat them: the griffon vulture, the bearded vulture, the black vulture,
the ostrich, the short-eared owl, the sea gull, and the hawk after its kind;
the eagle owl, the short-eared owl, the seagull, hawks of all kinds,
the little owl, the fisher owl, and the screech owl;
the little owl, the cormorant, the great owl,
the white owl, the jackdaw, and the carrion vulture;
the barn owl, the desert owl, the Egyptian vulture,
the stork, the heron after its kind, the hoopoe, and the bat.
the stork, herons of all kinds, the hoopoe, and the bat.
‘All flying insects that creep on all fours shall be an abomination to you.
“You must not eat winged insects that walk along the ground; they are detestable to you.
Yet these you may eat of every flying insect that creeps on all fours: those which have jointed legs above their feet with which to leap on the earth.
You may, however, eat winged insects that walk along the ground and have jointed legs so they can jump.
These you may eat: the locust after its kind, the destroying locust after its kind, the cricket after its kind, and the grasshopper after its kind.
The insects you are permitted to eat include all kinds of locusts, bald locusts, crickets, and grasshoppers.
But all other flying insects which have four feet shall be an abomination to you.
All other winged insects that walk along the ground are detestable to you.
“The following creatures will make you ceremonially unclean. If any of you touch their carcasses, you will be defiled until evening.
whoever carries part of the carcass of any of them shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening:
If you pick up their carcasses, you must wash your clothes, and you will remain defiled until evening.
The carcass of any animal which divides the foot, but is not cloven-hoofed or does not chew the cud, is unclean to you. Everyone who touches it shall be unclean.
“Any animal that has split hooves that are not evenly divided or that does not chew the cud is unclean for you. If you touch the carcass of such an animal, you will be defiled.
And whatever goes on its paws, among all kinds of animals that go on all fours, those are unclean to you. Whoever touches any such carcass shall be unclean until evening.
Of the animals that walk on all fours, those that have paws are unclean. If you touch the carcass of such an animal, you will be defiled until evening.
Whoever carries any such carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening. It is unclean to you.
If you pick up its carcass, you must wash your clothes, and you will remain defiled until evening. These animals are unclean for you.
‘These also shall be unclean to you among the creeping things that creep on the earth: the mole, the mouse, and the large lizard after its kind;
“Of the small animals that scurry along the ground, these are unclean for you: the mole rat, the rat, large lizards of all kinds,
the gecko, the monitor lizard, the sand reptile, the sand lizard, and the chameleon.
the gecko, the monitor lizard, the common lizard, the sand lizard, and the chameleon.
These are unclean to you among all that creep. Whoever touches them when they are dead shall be unclean until evening.
All these small animals are unclean for you. If any of you touch the dead body of such an animal, you will be defiled until evening.
If such an animal dies and falls on something, that object will be unclean. This is true whether the object is made of wood, cloth, leather, or burlap. Whatever its use, you must dip it in water, and it will remain defiled until evening. After that, it will be ceremonially clean and may be used again.
Any earthen vessel into which any of them falls you shall break; and whatever is in it shall be unclean:
“If such an animal falls into a clay pot, everything in the pot will be defiled, and the pot must be smashed.
in such a vessel, any edible food upon which water falls becomes unclean, and any drink that may be drunk from it becomes unclean.
If the water from such a container spills on any food, the food will be defiled. And any beverage in such a container will be defiled.
And everything on which a part of any such carcass falls shall be unclean; whether it is an oven or cooking stove, it shall be broken down; for they are unclean, and shall be unclean to you.
Any object on which the carcass of such an animal falls will be defiled. If it is an oven or hearth, it must be destroyed, for it is defiled, and you must treat it accordingly.
Nevertheless a spring or a cistern, in which there is plenty of water, shall be clean, but whatever touches any such carcass becomes unclean.
“However, if the carcass of such an animal falls into a spring or a cistern, the water will still be clean. But anyone who touches the carcass will be defiled.
And if a part of any such carcass falls on any planting seed which is to be sown, it remains clean.
If the carcass falls on seed grain to be planted in the field, the seed will still be considered clean.
But if the seed is wet when the carcass falls on it, the seed will be defiled.
‘And if any animal which you may eat dies, he who touches its carcass shall be unclean until evening.
“If an animal you are permitted to eat dies and you touch its carcass, you will be defiled until evening.
He who eats of its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening. He also who carries its carcass shall wash his clothes and be unclean until evening.
If you eat any of its meat or carry away its carcass, you must wash your clothes, and you will remain defiled until evening.
“All small animals that scurry along the ground are detestable, and you must never eat them.
Whatever crawls on its belly, whatever goes on all fours, or whatever has many feet among all creeping things that creep on the earth — these you shall not eat, for they are an abomination.
This includes all animals that slither along on their bellies, as well as those with four legs and those with many feet. All such animals that scurry along the ground are detestable, and you must never eat them.
Do not defile yourselves by touching them. You must not make yourselves ceremonially unclean because of them.
For I am the Lord your God. You shall therefore consecrate yourselves, and you shall be holy; for I am holy. Neither shall you defile yourselves with any creeping thing that creeps on the earth.
For I am the LORD your God. You must consecrate yourselves and be holy, because I am holy. So do not defile yourselves with any of these small animals that scurry along the ground.
For I am the Lord who brings you up out of the land of Egypt, to be your God. You shall therefore be holy, for I am holy.
For I, the LORD, am the one who brought you up from the land of Egypt, that I might be your God. Therefore, you must be holy because I am holy.
“These are the instructions regarding land animals, birds, marine creatures, and animals that scurry along the ground.